1/27/2024 0 Comments Clamidia and gonorrhea symptoms![]() Chlamydia is an extracellular organism while gonorrhea is an intracellular organism.What is the difference between Gonorrhea and Chlamydia? Women may get vaginitis, cervicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, and urethritis with Gonococcal infection. Supportive treatment and antibiotics effective against Gram negative bacteria are the principles of managing Gonorrhea. Definitive diagnosis is made by examining a culture of urethral pus swab. Gonococal urethritis presents with severe burning pain while urinating, purulent discharge from urethra, lower abdominal pain, fever, and malaise.ĭiagnosis of Gonorrhea is straightforward, and treatment should not be delayed till microbiological diagnosis comes through. Urethra is the commonest site of infection in men. The bacterium can cross damaged or inflamed skin and mucus membranes and colonize tissue surfaces. Diplococcus means that bacteria occur in pairs. When a bacterium is globular shaped it is called a coccus and when a bacterium is rod shaped it is called a bacillus. When seen under a high power optic microscope after Gram staining, they appear as Gram negative diplococci. Gonorrhea is a bacterium that can survive inside the cells. Gonorrhea is a urinary tract infections caused by Neisseria gonorrhea. Chlamydia antigens and nucleic acid probe assays also are confirmatory tests. Urethral swab for chlamydia is diagnostic. This results in adhesions around the fallopian tubes and which may give rise to ectopic pregnancies. Chlamydia may spread upwards along the vagina and uterusto cause pelvic inflammation. Chlamydial genital infection may be asymptomatic or can present as ectopic pregnancy. The best treatment for chlamydia psittaci is tetracycline.Ĭhlamydia causes a sexually transmitted disease (STD), which presents with urethral or vaginal discharge. Chest x-ray shows patchy consolidation (seen as shadows on the x-ray film). Serology for chlamydia confirms the diagnosis of chlamydia. It can cause meningitis, encephalitis, infective endocarditis, hepatitis, nephritis, rash and spleen enlargement. Extra pulmonary features are legion, but they are rare. Symptoms include headache, fever, dry cough, lethargy, arthralgia, anorexia, dizziness and vomiting. It is a disease acquired from infected birds. Chlamydial pneumonia responds well to tetracycline.Ĭhlamydia psittaci causes psittacosis. It is easily diagnosed with blood tests for chlamydial infections. It causes sore throat, hoarseness of voice, ear infections followed by pneumonia. Chlamydial pneumonia is the commonest chlamydial infection in the body. Therefore, chlamydia symptoms vary according to the affected organ system. Both infections present with same symptoms most of the time, but there are differences between the symptomatology, which are discussed here in detail.Ĭhlamydia affects various systems. Both infections thrive in immune-compromised individuals. Both infections are bacterial and respond to antibiotics. Gonorrhea and chlamydia are both sexually transmitted infections (STI).
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1/27/2024 0 Comments Ecotone graphResearch for ABoVE links field-based, process-level studies with geospatial data products derived from airborne and satellite sensors, providing a foundation for improving the analysis, and modeling capabilities needed to understand and predict ecosystem responses to, and societal implications of, climate change in the Arctic and Boreal regions. The Arctic-Boreal Vulnerability Experiment (ABoVE) is a NASA Terrestrial Ecology Program field campaign being conducted in Alaska and western Canada, for 8 to 10 years, starting in 2015. Project: Arctic-Boreal Vulnerability Experiment TLS enables resolution of 3-dimensional landscape features that can be used to derive ecologically important metrics of canopy structure and surface topography at high spatial resolution. After processing the point spacing is < 1 cm. Data were acquired for each plot from multiple scan positions with a Leica ScanStation C10 green wavelength laser instrument. This dataset provides terrestrial lidar scanning (TLS) point cloud data collected at 10 research plots along the forest-tundra ecotone (FTE) in the Brooks Range of Alaska, south of Chandalar Shelf and Atigun Pass on the east side of the Dalton Highway. Space-based Imaging Spectroscopy and Thermal pathfindER (SISTER).Airborne Visible InfraRed Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS).Active Sensing of CO2 Emissions over Nights, Days, and Seasons (ASCENDS) Airborne Campaign.CARbon Atmosphere Flux Experiment (CARAFE).MODIS/ASTER Airborne Simulator (MASTER).Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI).Accelerated Canopy Chemistry Program (ACCP).Atmospheric Carbon and Transport - America (ACT-America).Airborne Microwave Observatory of Subcanopy and Subsurface (AirMOSS).Carbon in Arctic Reservoirs Vulnerability Experiment (CARVE).Arctic-Boreal Vulnerability Experiment (ABoVE).Atmospheric Tracer Transport Model Intercomparison Project (TransCom).International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project (ISLSCP II).Vegetation-Ecosystem Modeling and Analysis Project (VEMAP).Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS).Southern African Regional Science Initiative Project (SAFARI 2000).Oregon Transect Ecosystem Research Project (OTTER). ![]() Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment (LBA-ECO). 1/27/2024 0 Comments Pure hearts stay gold![]() Frequent but gentle cleaning using a soft cloth can help preserve the plating and prevent the finish from fading. Once the core metal is exposed, the jewelry can tarnish. The gold layer can become dirty and fade over time. Does gold vermeil tarnish? No, it will not. According to United States regulations, the layer must be at least 2.5 microns thick and the minimum gold purity used must be 10ct gold. It features a pure or sterling silver base metal that is heavily plated with gold. Vermeil gold (pronounced ‘ver-may’) or gold vermeil jewelry is actually a type of gold plated jewelry. The good news is that you can easily have it plated again by a manufacturing jeweler when this happens. This is the biggest drawback to this type of gold jewelry. Does gold plated fade? Yes, it does, especially if the gold plated finish is thin. Designer or brand jewelry that's higher end may have a gold layer that's 2-3 microns thick. Usually, costume jewelry will have a layer that is 1 micron thick or less. The thickness of the gold layer will determine the price of the jewelry. Gold plated jewelry is typically the most affordable since it contains the least amount of gold. What is gold plated jewelry? As the name implies, this is when a base metal like copper, nickel, or aluminum is coated with a layer of gold using an electroplating solution or chemical deposition. There are 4 different techniques used to create golden jewelry - gold plated, gold vermeil, gold filled, and solid gold. How Many Types of Gold Jewelry Are There? If you want to make sure that you get your money's worth, you'll need to first acquaint yourself with the 4 types of gold jewelry below. ![]() Gold is one of the most expensive metals, but not all gold jewelry come with a really high price tag. You might wonder what makes solid gold jewelry more expensive than gold filled pieces. If you go into a jewelry store, you might find yourself a bit confused when the salesperson asks if you prefer gold plated jewelry or gold vermeil. But you'll need to also consider which of the gold jewelry types you want to buy. It's not just about choosing the right design, though that is pretty important. Shopping for gold jewelry is not as easy as it looks. 1/27/2024 0 Comments Traktor pro 3 download![]() Release notes not available at the time of this post.Web Site: What’s New in Native Instruments Traktor Pro 3.1.0.27 Requirements: macOS 10.12, 10.13, 10.14 (latest update), Intel Core i5, 4 GB RAM MP3, WAV, AIFF, Audio CD, FLAC, Ogg Vorbis, non-DRM AAC SUPPORTED DRIVERS Turn them up, down, on, and off, for sonic exploration that’s out of this world. TRAKTOR’s famous Deck FX can twist and screw your tracks with endless variation, while new Mixer FX introduce easy-to-use effects in a single control on each channel. Modulate your tracks with over 40 intuitive, high-grade effects. Unless you want to cut things up outside of the beat, TRAKTOR will make sure you never skip out of the groove. REMIX WITH LOOPS, HOTCUES, AND BEATJUMPSįor those who really want to put their stamp on a set, the industry’s most reliable and seamless loop, Hotcue, and beatjump tools let you chop and re-edit tracks however you like. Hitting the Sync button quickly gets your tracks beat-matched, so you have plenty of time to experiment with your mix. TRAKTOR is great for honing your beatmatching skills, but you can also blend genres and bridge BPMs by letting TRAKTOR PRO 3 do some of the work. Now, with TRAKTOR PRO 3, we’ve built on that past to bring you new tools for sonic sculpting, our best sound quality ever, and our clearest interface to date – so you can play whatever you want, however you want, wherever you want. Since then, it’s filled sound systems and dancefloors across the world, as well as house parties, bars, beaches, and everything in between. Powerful interfacing with TRAKTOR hardware, including Haptic Drive™, Remix Deck pattern recorder, and more CRAFTED TO PERFORMĪlmost two decades ago, we created the first DJ software to truly conquer the club. Pro-grade audio, with new time-stretching and improved limiter Our flagship DJ software, used from bars, to booths, to the biggest stages around the world ![]() Powerful looping, over 40 effects, plus 1-knob Macro control. Innovative Stem decks for creative mixing with compatible hardware. /rebates/&252ftraktor-pro-3-free-download-full-version-windows. Industry-leading 4-deck DJ software with unrivaled pro features. TRAKTOR PRO is the industry-leading DJ software – four decks and a stunning range of creative features designed for professional DJs. 1/27/2024 0 Comments Olivia rodrigo billboard![]() In 2016, Rodrigo received recognition for starring as Paige Olvera, a guitarist in the Disney Channel series Bizaardvark, a role she played for three seasons. Shortly after in 2015, at age twelve, she made her acting debut portraying the lead role of Grace Thomas in direct-to-video film An American Girl: Grace Stirs Up Success. Rodrigo first appeared onscreen in an Old Navy commercial. She moved to Los Angeles after landing her role on Bizaardvark. Rodrigo became interested in songwriting after listening to country music, especially singer-songwriter Taylor Swift. She grew up listening to her parents' favorite alternative rock music, such as the bands No Doubt, Pearl Jam, the White Stripes, and Green Day. She began taking acting and singing classes at age six and started acting in theater productions in elementary school. Rodrigo started taking vocal lessons in kindergarten and learned to play piano soon after. She has stated that her paternal great-grandfather emigrated from the Philippines as a teenager and her family follows Filipino traditions and cuisine. Rodrigo is Filipino American by ethnicity her father is of Filipino descent while her mother has German and Irish ancestry. Olivia Isabel Rodrigo was born on February 20, 2003, at Rancho Springs Medical Center in Murrieta, California, the only child of school teacher Jennifer and family therapist Chris Rodrigo. Life and career 2003–2019: Early life and acting Time named her the 2021 Entertainer of the Year and Billboard named her Woman of the Year in 2022. In addition to other recognitions, she has won an American Music Award, seven Billboard Music Awards and four MTV Video Music Awards. Rodrigo has achieved two Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles, one Billboard 200 number-one album, and five multi-Platinum certifications by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). A Disney+ documentary, Olivia Rodrigo: Driving Home 2 U, chronicling her creative process with Sour, followed in 2022. She followed it up with singles " Deja Vu" and " Good 4 U", and released her debut solo studio album, Sour (2021), which was met with critical and commercial success, winning various accolades including three Grammy Awards. After signing with Geffen and Interscope Records in 2020, Rodrigo released her debut single " Drivers License", which broke various records and became one of the best-selling songs of 2021, propelling her to mainstream fame. She gained recognition in the late 2010s with her lead roles on the Disney television programs Bizaardvark and High School Musical: The Musical: The Series. Olivia Isabel Rodrigo (born February 20, 2003) is an American singer-songwriter and actress. 1/27/2024 0 Comments Storyo torrent![]() I just done finishing the storyline of the game and I was planning to finish the game 100% completion (Races, Collectibles.etc) but I ran through couple bugs in the game during my playthrough that changed my mind like key combination bug, weather bug, drive ways sometimes go missing leads to falling through them into void, performance issues when there is heavy gun fight happening, shoreside vale safehouse's garage door won't open and few more, so with that I've had enough of this version of the game and I will delete off my PC since there is no multiplayer and mod support for it plus the bugs I've just mentioned, great game conversion but flawed. I didn't finish the story I only played couple of hours and it seems everything works just like the PS2 version, only framerate and mouse look issue I've encountered but if you choose classic control instead of standard control that would fix most of the issue somehow but this is PC port so we need the mouse of course overall that's top notch work over here and I am sure there is fix somewhere and I don't know about it, missions work fine and audio is fine and no graphic glitches thankfully, 4/5 starsīTW for those who can't launch the game or start new game because of that exception thing, go in your advanced system windows settings and turn on DEP and then add GTA LCS exe file it should work and start, thanks for sharing this game and I will do my best to let all my friends know about it, have a good day sir : ) Also, the film highlights 'Love Jihad' propaganda, where Muslim men manipulate Hindu girls to convert to Islam and abandon their families.For me in my opinion this is brilliant PC port, It feels almost like official cancelled project by Rockstar but if we fix the Jittery mouse look and weird framerate drops around dense areas like portland and rainy weather this would the perfect port for non-PC game GTA game, can't wait to play GTA Vice City Stories PC fanmade port I bet it would be awesome like this one In ‘The Kerala Story’, actress Adah Sharma plays the role of Fathima Ba, a Hindu Malayali nurse, who is among the 32,000 women who went missing from Kerala and were then recruited to the ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and Syria) after being forced to convert to Islam. Joining the bandwagon, Uttarakhand is planning to make The Kerala Story tax-free. ![]() On the other hand, the Sudipto Sen directorial has been declared tax-free in Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. Meanwhile, West Bengal Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee has directed that screenings of The Kerala Story be prohibited in the state in order to prevent acts of hatred and violence. Continues its DREAM RUN on weekdays… Fri 8.03 cr, Sat 11.22 cr, Sun 16.40 cr, Mon 10.07 cr, Tue 11.14 cr, Wed 12 cr. However, this is one of the best torrent software sites as well, especially if youre not afraid to do some manual search. This used to be a movies-first torrent site, which is still evident by its heavy focus on movies and TV shows. Nevertheless, the film accomplished a remarkable feat by surpassing the 50 crore mark on Day 5 (May 09).įilm trade analyst Taran Adarsh took to his Instagram account and wrote, "#TheKeralaStory is UNBEATABLE and UNSTOPPABLE. TorrentGalaxy became a highly useful source of both popular and obscure files during the last couple of years. A little boy named Andy loves to be in his room, playing with his toys, especially his doll named 'Woody'. torrent Show Details Summaries See More A cowboy doll is profoundly threatened and jealous when a new spaceman figure supplants him as top toy in a boys room. ![]() While receiving significant support, it also encounters accusations of propaganda and calls for its prohibition. AIMIM chief Asaduddin Owaisi has reacted to the poster of UP BJP leader Abhijat Mishra where Rahul Gandhi, Akhilesh Yadav, Mamata Banerjee and Owaisi could be seen taking instruction for a masked. Enjoy the most awesome torrent downloading experience with no speed or size limits when downloading. Toy Story (1995) - DVDRip 480p - XboxFace24 Torrent Galaxy Magnet. Despite its controversial nature, the film manages to captivate theatregoers. 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The President’s Council on Sports, Fitness & Nutrition is a federal advisory committee aimed at promoting healthy eating and physical activity for all Americans, regardless of background or ability. "I am excited to expand the network of opportunity to make significant change." "'Excited' isn't the term, but I think, just because it feels like there are so many things I want to see, I have to figure out where I should start in order to make this genuinely impactful and not just an image-based position for myself," says Jacobs. He's still filling out paperwork and waiting to find out more information on what he can do and what's expected of him in the role, which officially starts sometime in May or June, according to Jacobs. Two days later, on March 24, he learned that he'd made the team. Overall, Jacobs says the process happened pretty quickly, explaining that he'd almost forgotten he was a contender before getting an email asking for more information about himself. "I thought it was neat they were bringing people in from the culinary world, too, not just sports and fitness, so we are hearing the voices not just of professional athletes, but those on a more grassroots outlook too." Rachel Greiman "I looked at the names and thought it was fun to have my name thrown in, because it's all professional athletes and coaches," notes Jacobs, who shares the job with former MLB player Ryan Howard, Olympian gold medalist Chloe Kim, basketball player Stephen Curry and his wife, actress Ayesha Curry. Not only are the nutrient-rich ingredients on the menu such as bison, tepary beans, wild rice and Indian blue corn sourced from Native American farmers, but Tocabe also hosts an online marketplace, selling the foods to those who can't get to the restaurant's locations in the Berkeley neighborhood and in Greenwood Village.Īs for this latest move, Jacobs says the PCSFN advisory position came down through the grapevine thanks to Daron Carreiro, a citizen of the Chicksaw Nation serving as the Senior Policy Advisor for Native Affairs on the White House Policy Council. ![]() "I can say, on a surface level, I want to help support getting Native foods from Native producers and make those ingredients accessible to our members."īringing nutritious and Native foods to American Indian tribes has long been a goal for Jacobs, an Osage Nation member, who started the fast-casual Native American eatery Tocabe in 2008 with his partner, Matt Chandra. "I am still in so much shock, and I am trying to understand what they want to see out of the mission," Jacobs says. Early in 2023, he helped launch a direct-to-tribe ready meal program in partnership with Spirit Lakes Nation in North Dakota and now Jacobs has been appointed to President Joe Biden's Council on Sports, Fitness & Nutrition (PCSFN). It's already been a busy year for Ben Jacobs, co-founder of Tocabe: An American Indian Eatery. 1/27/2024 0 Comments Propresenter 5 downloadIf you church currently uses ProPresenter, we'd love to hear from you. As always, you will be able to download the software at no charge to test performance on any computer before making a purchase.Īddionally Mac and Windows users can now remotely control ProPresenter 5 from their iPhone or iPad using the ProPresenter Remote App available in the AppStore now. ![]() While the software may work on systems that do not meet these requirements, those systems will not be supported. Therefore, the system requirements may be a little higher than your existing equipment and are outlined below for both platforms. ProPresenter 5 continues to build on improvements made in each OS and requires more horsepower to accomplish all that it is capable of doing. Plus, a completely customizable toolbar will allow each organization to get quick access to the functions they use most. Familiarity with previous versions will have churches ready to work with ProPresenter 5. The award-winning worship software WYSIWYG interface continues to evolve, however, with refinements and functionality befitting the current trends in user interfaces. Upgrades from ProPresenter 3 are no longer available for a discount (ended March 30, 2012). Upgrades from Pro4 are 50% off the retail price. Pricing is $399 for Single License and $799 for a Site License. This major upgrade to the software builds upon the incredible foundational capabilities they built in ProPresenter 4 and adds completely new functionality to make service preparation easier, and the overall impact of your presentations greater. ProPresenter 5 is the evolution of Renewed Vision's award-winning worship presentation software. ProPresenter 5 for Mac launched back in mid-February and many churches were eagerly awaiting the Windows launch. This would be working perfectly fine with compatible version of Windows.Good news for all you worship leaders and techs out there – ProPresenter 5 for Windows worship software launched and is now available for purchase. This is complete offline installer and standalone setup of ProPresenter 7 Free Download for Windows. If you are having trouble please get help from our contact us page.Ĭlick on below button to start ProPresenter 7 Free Download.Remember to check _Fix folder and follow instructions in text file.Open Installer and accept the terms and then install program.Extract the zip file using WinRAR or WinZip or by default Windows command.Application version updated: ProPresenter 7.10 118095884 圆4.Compatibility Architecture: 64Bit (圆4). ![]() Application Type: Offline Installer / Full Standalone Setup.(Because of constant update from back-end file size or name may vary) Download File Name: _ProPresenter_7.rar.ProPresenter 7 Free Download Technical Setup Details Processor: Intel Pentium 4 Dual Core GHz or higher.Hard Disk Space: 150 MB of free space required for full installation.System Requirements for ProPresenter 7 Free Downloadīefore you install ProPresenter 7 Free Download you need to know if your system meets recommended or minimum system requirements Context driven visibility (clear a timer when it reaches the end).Data-driven text boxes (such as current time and countdown timers).Individual slide settings for transitions and object builds.Announcements layer to show rolling announcements on one screen while rehearsing on another.Separate Outputs, for lobby, auditorium, and stage displays.You can also download Foxit PhantomPDF Business 9.īelow are some amazing features you can experience after installation of ProPresenter 7 Free Download please keep in mind features may vary and totally depends if your system supports them. We love seeing this and want to see more of it so Renewed Vision is now including these advanced features in Pro7. The typical church these days, however, has grown more sophisticated in their productions. ProPresenter 7 has a number of advanced features previously sold separately in Pro6 as add-on, paid for “modules” that offered additional features and capabilities beyond what your typical church needed. You can also download OfficeSuite Premium 3. ![]() It is the indispensible tool for worship gatherings, sporting events, conferences, trade shows, and studio broadcasts. It seamlessly displays lyrics, slides, and media, making high-quality live productions easy. ProPresenter is a cross-platform (Mac and Windows) presentation & production application for live events. It is full offline installer standalone setup of ProPresenter 7 Free Download for supported version of Windows. The program and all files are checked and installed manually before uploading, program is working perfectly fine without any problem. ProPresenter 7 Free Download Latest Version for Windows. 1/26/2024 0 Comments Unequal pupil size benignClassic clinical findings are unilateral miosis, ptosis, and anhydrosis, which may be present in any combination and also be incomplete and difficult to ascertain. Horner syndrome (HS) involves an abnormally small pupil. If non-dilute pilocarpine fails to constrict the pupil, then the pupil is pharmacologically dilated. This previously was thought to help differentiate this form of mydriasis from TNP, but newer results cast some questions on this. Dilute pilocarpine will cause constriction in a dilated pupil of greater than two weeks due to denervation of the neuromuscular junction. The muscarinic agent pilocarpine, both dilute (0.05-0.15%) and non-dilute (1 to 2%), acts on the neuromuscular junction of the pupillary constrictor to cause miosis. A dilated pupil can be tested pharmacologically. The diagnostic approach first involves a careful ophthalmological examination. ![]() Generally, medications taken systemically will not cause anisocoria since both pupils will constrict or dilate but can cause anisocoria if the medication gets into only one eye. Small pupils may be caused by opiates, clonidine, organophosphates, pilocarpine, and prostaglandins. Dilating agents are nasal vasoconstrictors, scopolamine patches, glycopyrrolate deodorants, and various herbals, such as Jimson weed. Pharmacologic agents may cause both mydriasis, which is more common, and miosis. There are no cranial nerve palsies in tonic pupil cases. The diagnosis of a tonic pupil is usually clinical. Anatomical abnormalities may exist to cause this entity. The tonic pupil is often benign but may eventually become miotic. The affected pupil demonstrates a response with poor constriction to light but significantly better to accommodation this is referred to as light near dissociation. The pupil is large and more commonly occurs in young women. Tonic pupil, or Adie pupil, is a well-known cause of anisocoria. TNP is an example of a large, abnormal pupil. Magnetic resonance angiogram (MRA) has a threshold of 3 to 5mm and may indicate other pathologies. Diagnosis is radiological with computed tomogram (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Patients usually experience pain with this entity. The most well-known, life-threatening cause of TNP is a posterior communicating artery aneurysm causing pressure on the third nerve. Isolated pupillary dilation is not classically considered a third nerve palsy however, careful evaluation for subtle ptosis or abnormal extraocular movement is necessary to eliminate a TNP using this criterion. ![]() Important etiologies of anisocoria include third nerve palsy, Adie pupil, pharmacologic mydriasis, pharmacologic miosis, traumatic mydriasis, physiologic anisocoria, and Horner syndrome.Ī third nerve palsy (TNP) may spare the pupil or cause it to dilate with no reaction to light or convergence. 1/26/2024 0 Comments Ion to ioffThe high-κ dielectric Hafnium oxide (HfO 2) exhibits the best material to minimize SCEs for GAA structures. The parameters are evaluated for various high-k dielectric materials. These parameters are also termed as Short Channel Effects (SCEs) and for a nanoscale device performance these parameters needs to be controlled. The study is based on the ground of logic performance parameters which are I on /I off current ratio, Drain Induced Barrier Lowering (DIBL), Subthreshold Swing (SS) and Threshold voltage (V t) roll-off. The comparative study of Double Gate MOSFET (DGMOSFET), Tri-gate Fin Field Effect Transistor (FinFET) and Gate All Around (GAA) FinFET structures has been done for 22nm and 16nm technologies. FinFETs are the alternative new device structure, which replaces the MOSFET. The MOSFET device performance deteriorates when it is scaled down to 45nm node and an alternative device structure being studied. These improvements in turn stimulated and enabled new applications and greatly improved the quality of life and productivity worldwide. etal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) integrated circuits (ICs) have met the world's growing needs for electronic devices for computing, communication, entertainment, automotive, and other applications with continual improvements in cost, speed, and power consumption. Device simulation and MOSFET compact model for circuit simulation are also introduced. Special emphasis is placed on the understanding of the opportunities for future MOSFET scaling including mobility enhancement, high-k dielectric and metal gate, SOI, multigate MOSFET, metal source/drain, etc. The major topics covered here are the subthreshold leakage and its impact on device size reduction, the trade-off between I on and I off and the effects on circuit design. This topic complements the discourse on the on-state current conducted in the previous chapter. One important topic is the off-state current or the leakage current of the MOSFETs. CHAPTER OBJECTIVES How the MOSFET gate length might continue to be reduced is the subject of this chapter. |
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